Anatomy & Function by Visible Body for PC/Mac
Version Number: 1.2.07
Release Date: 2014
This document explains content and functionality in the PC/Mac app released June 2014.
Anatomy & Function provides stunning animations, illustrations, and 3D models of the human body. The app is a quick and easy visual reference for understanding anatomy and physiological processes. Content is organized by common functions and by body systems. It also contains a robust search function.
This app includes:
- Over 500 preset 3D views into the human body. These can be rotated, zoomed into, and dissected.
- 72 50-second animations and 77 illustrations that introduce common functions
- Audio pronunciations and definitions for thousands of anatomical structures.
- Multiple search functions (browse by system, function, related views or search) and the option to create a library of favorite views.
- The ability to annotate and save images.
System Requirements
PC
• Windows 7/8/10
• Dedicated video card with 64+ MB on-board RAM
• 2 GB RAM
• 2 GHz Pentium 4 processor or better
• 1024 x 768 screen resolution, or better
Mac
• OS X 10.9/10.10/10.11
• Dedicated video card with 64+ MB on-board RAM
• 2 GB RAM
• Intel processor
• 1024 x 768 screen resolution or better
Content in the app when users browse by common topics
NUTRITION AND ELIMINATION
Chewing and Swallowing
Function of the Epiglottis
Alimentary Canal Function
Peristalsis of the Alimentary Canal
Nutrient Absorption
Urinary Functions
Filtration Process
Filtration and Elimination
Filtering Blood
Urine Creation
Endocrine System Hormones
Hormone Circulation
Hormones in the Body
CIRCULATION AND RESPIRATION
Heart Function
Location of the Heart
Heart Tissue
Heart Chambers
Heart Chamber Functions
Heart Valves
Heart Valve Functions
Heart Conduction
Arteries and Veins
Blood Pressure
Measuring Blood Pressure
Cardiac Output
Upper Respiratory Structures
Lower Respiratory Structures
Breathing
Gas Exchange in the Lungs
Alveoli Function
Alveoli Structure
Nasal Cavity Mucosa
Respiratory Structures
Breathing Rate
Sneezing
COORDINATION AND COMMUNICATION
Brain and Nervous System
Nervous System Functions
Central Nervous System
Brain Regions
Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic and Autonomic Functions
Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Functions
Skeletal Muscle Function
Skeletal Muscle Innervation
Smooth Muscle Function
Smooth Muscle of the Body
Sense of Smell
Processing Smell
Sense of Taste
Taste Buds
Vision
Processing Vision
Hearing
Processing Sound
Producing Sound
Vocal Folds
REPRODUCTION
Male and Female Fertility
Male Reproductive Organs
Male Sex Cell Production
Female Reproductive Organs
Female Sex Cell Production
Female Reproductive Cycle
Ovulation
Fetal Development
Development of Reproductive Organs
Stages of Birth I
Stages of Birth II
Lactation
BODY DEFENSES AND REPAIR
Innate Immunity
Innate Immune Response
Adaptive Immunity
Adaptive Immune Response
Fighting Infection
Tissue Repair
Tissue Repair and Scarring
Bone Repair
BONES AND SKELETAL MUSCLES
Muscle Interactions
Skeletal Muscle Attachments
Joints
Joint: Ball and socket
Joint: Condyloid
Joint: Gliding
Joint: Hinge
Joint: Pivot
Joint: Saddle
Joint: Sutures
Involuntary Reflexes
Flat Bone Formation
Long Bone Formation
CELLS AND BLOOD
Types of Cells
Red Blood Cells
Red Blood Cell Production
Platelets
Neurons
Mitosis
Cell Transport
Function of Plasma
Content in the app when users browse by all topics
CELLS AND TISSUE
Cell functions
Cells and tissue overview
Cell types
Skin cells
Neuron structure
CNS neuroglia
Function of white blood cells
Bone cells
Gametes to zygote
Parts of a cell
Nucleus
Protein synthesis
Proteins
Transcription and translation
Plasma membrane
Passive and active transport
Structure of the plasma membrane
Organelles
Transport vesicles
Cytoskeleton and centrosome
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi Complex
Lysosomes and peroxisomes
Mitochondria
Cell cycle
Replication
Mitosis
Mitotic spindle
Meiosis
Tissue types in the body
Epithelial tissue
Skin layers
Connective tissue
Skeletal connective tissue
Bone tissue
Osteon
Types of muscle tissue
Muscular system overview
Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Types of neurons
Function and components of blood
Bone repair
Tissue repair
CIRCULATORY
Circulatory system overview
Circulatory anatomy
Arteries and veins
Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange
Function and components of blood
Blood plasma
Plasma protein production
Production of Red Blood Cells
Erythropoietin and RBC production
Function of Red Blood Cells
Red Blood Cells and oxygen transport
Function of White Blood Cells
Platelets
Locations of Platelet production
Types of blood vessels
Blood vessel walls
Artery structure
Vein structure
Capillaries
Blood pressure
Systolic and diastolic pressure
Systolic and diastolic pressure
Systemic circulation
Great vessels and branches
Superficial arteries of the head and neck
Deep arteries of the head and neck
Circle of Willis I
Circle of Willis II
Circle of Willis III
Arteries of the brain
Arteries of the Upper Limb I
Arteries of the Upper Limb II
Arteries of the Forearm and hand
Arteries of the Thorax I
Arteries of the Thorax II
Branches of the Abdominal aorta I
Branches of the Abdominal aorta II
Arteries of the abdomen I
Arteries of the abdomen II
Arteries of the Intestines I
Arteries of the Intestines II
Arteries of the Pelvis I
Arteries of the Pelvis II
Arteries of the upper leg
Arteries of the lower leg
Dorsal arteries of the foot
Plantar arteries of the foot
Superficial veins of the head and neck
Deep veins of the head and neck
Venous sinuses I
Venous sinuses II
Veins of the upper limb I
Veins of the upper limb II
Veins of the hand
Veins of the thorax I
Veins of the thorax II
Azygos system
Veins of the abdomen
Hepatic portal system
Veins of the intestines I
Veins of the intestines II
Veins of the pelvis I
Veins of the pelvis II
Veins of the upper leg
Veins of the lower leg
Dorsal veins of the foot
Plantar veins of the foot
CIRCULATORY: HEART
Heart overview
Location of heart in thoracic cavity
Location of heart in the thoracic cage
Inferior view of thoracic cavity, transverse section
Heart wall
Myocardium
Heart chamber anatomy
Heart chambers
Heart chamber functions
Heart valve anatomy
Heart valves
Heart valve function
Heart internal anatomy
Blood flow through the heart
Blood flow out of the heart
Blood flow into heart
Coronary circulation
Coronary veins
Left coronary arteries
Right coronary arteries
Conduction system
Heart conduction
Path of nerve impulse in conduction system
Electrocardiogram
Cardiac cycle
Systole and diastole
Cardiac output
Autonomic regulation of heart
Circulatory routes
Pulmonary circulation
Pulmonary circulation and bronchi
Pulmonary arteries and veins
Pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary veins
DIGESTION
Digestive overview
Digestive anatomy
Digestive process
Alimentary canal
Digestive juices
Production of digestive juices
Structures of the oral cavity
Oral cavity
Chewing and swallowing
Function of oral cavity structures
Teeth
Upper arch
Lower arch
Tooth cross-section
Tongue
Tongue
Salivary glands
Mastication muscles
Epiglottis, Larynx
Peristalsis
Peristalsis of alimentary canal
Esophagus
Stomach regions
Stomach wall
Stomach sphincters
Stomach vasculature
Accessory organs
Liver lobes
Liver ligaments
Hepatic portal system
Pancreas, liver, gallbladder
Bile ducts
Pancreatic ducts
Blood supply to accessory organs
Absorption
Absorption structures
Intestinal vasculature
Small intestine
Large intestine
Colon regions
Taenia Coli
Large intestine
Defecation reflex
ENDOCRINE
Endocrine system overview
Primary Endocrine organs
Secondary endocrine organs
Primary and secondary endocrine organs
Hormone action
Hormone circulation
Hypothalamus and pituitary
Hypothalamus and pituitary hormones
Hypothalamus hormones
Hypophyseal portal system
Anterior pituitary hormones
Posterior pituitary hormones
Target organs of pituitary hormones
Human growth hormone (hGH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Melanocyte-stimulating
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin (OXT)
Pineal gland and hormones
Thyroid gland
Thyroid hormone
Parathyroid glands
Parathyroid hormones
Adrenal glands
Adrenal cortex hormones
Medulla hormones
Pancreas
Pancreatic islets
Blood glucose level
Ovaries
Testes
Kidneys
Heart
Thymus
Stress response
INTEGUMENTARY
Integumentary system overview
Integumentary structures
Skin layers
Epidermis layers
Skin cells
Epidermal cells
Dermis layers
Sebeaceous glands
Sudoriferous glands
Integumentary functions
Dermal circulation
Vitamin D Synthesis
Integumentary innervation
Dermatomes
Tissue repair
Tissue repair and scarring
Hair
Hair structure
Hair functions
Nails
Mammary glands
LYMPHATIC
Lymphatic system overview
Lymphatic system structures
Lymphatic vessels and veins
Thoracic duct
Thoracic duct
Right lymphatic duct
Lymph trunks
Right lymphatic duct
Lymph trunks
Thymus
Spleen
Lymph node distribution
Lymph node structure
Lymphatic functions
Lymph circulation
Lymphocyte production
Physical defenses
Innate immunity
Innate immune response
Phagocytosis
Types of white blood cells
Adaptive immunity
Adaptive immune response
B Cells
T Cells
MUSCLES: MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscular system overview
Muscle types
Types of muscle tissue
Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Muscular anatomy
Nerve and blood supply to skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle function
Skeletal muscle innervation
Skeletal muscle structure
Smooth muscle of the body
Smooth muscle function
Alimentary canal
Stomach wall
Trachea and bronchi
Blood vessel walls
Urinary/reproductive systems (female)
Urinary/reproductive systems (male)
Cardiac muscle
Heart wall
Myocardium
MUSCLES: MUSCLES IN THE BODY
Muscle interactions
Skeletal muscle attachments
Chin raise: Muscles as first class levers
Calf raise: Muscles as second-class levers
Elbow flexion: Muscles as third class levers
Facial expression: Scalp and eyebrow
Facial expression: Upper mouth
Facial expression: Lower mouth
Extrinsic eye muscles
Mastication
Tongue
Neck: Suprahyoid
Neck: Infrahyoid
Neck: Head movements
Vertebral column: Splenius
Vertebral column: Erector spinae
Erector spinae: Spinalis
Erector spinae: Longissimus
Erector spinae: Iliocostalis
Vertebral column: Transversospinalis
Transversospinales: Semispinalis
Transversospinalis: Rotatores
Vertebral column: Segmental
Vertebral column: Scalenes
Vertebral column: Spinal flexors
Abdomen
Thorax: Breathing
Thorax: Shoulder girdle movements, anterior
Thorax: S houlder girdle movements, posterior
Arm: Prime movers
Arm synergists/fixators
Arm: Rotator cuff
Forearm: Elbow flexors
Forearm: Elbow extensors
Forearm: Pronation/supination
Hand: Superficial flexors
Hand: Deep flexors
Hand: Superficial flexors
Hand: Deep extensors
Fingers: Thenar
Fingers: Hypothenar
Fingers: Midpalmer
Pelvis: Pelvic diaphragm
Pelvis: Superficial perineal
Pelvis: Deep perineal
Thigh: Iliopsoas
Thigh: Gluteal
Thigh: Lateral rotators
Thigh: Anterior compartment
Anterior compartment: Quadriceps
Thigh: Medial compartment
Medial compartmental adductors
Thigh: Posterior compartment (hamstrings)
Lower leg: Anterior compartment
Lower leg: Lateral compartment
Lower leg: posterior compartment (superficial)
Lower leg: Posterior compartment (deep)
Foot: Dorsum
Foot: Plantar layer 1
Foot: Plantar layer 2
Foot: Plantar layer 3
Foot: Plantar layer 4
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Nervous system overview
Nervous system anatomy
Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system
Nervous system functions
Nervous tissue in the body
Neuron structure
Types of neurons
CNS neuroglia
PNS neuroglia
Neuron function
Resting and action potentials
Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine (Ach)
Norepinephrine (NE) and Epinephrine (E)
Dopamine
Spinal cord
Spine cross section
Spinal nerve roots
Gray and white matter
Sensory signals
Motor commands
Spinal nerves
Spinal nerve regions
Dermatomes
Cervical plexus
Cervical innervation
Brachial plexus
Brachial innervation I
Brachial innervation II
Brachial innervation III
Lumbosacral Plexus I
Lumbosacral Plexus II
Lumbosacral innervation
Somatic reflex arc
Path of Reflex Arc
Somatic and Autonomic functions
Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Functions
Somatic Sensory Signals
Skin Sensory Receptors
Somatic Motor Signals
Skeletal Muscle Contraction
Somatic Sensory and Motor Pathways
Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum
Autonomic Nervous Functions
Sympathetic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous Functions
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous Functions
NERVOUS SYSTEM: BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES
The Brain
Brain regions
Brain cross sections
Ventricles of the brain
Cerebrospinal fluid
Blood supply to the brain
Brain stem
Medulla and pons
Midbrain
Cerebellum anatomy
Cerebellum function
Diencephalon
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Limbic system
Cerebrum
Cerebral hemispheres
Lobes of the cerebral cortex
Features of the cerebral cortex
Basal ganglia
Functional regions of the cerebral cortex
Functional regions and cortex anatomy
Hemispheric lateralization
Cranial nerves
Special sensory cranial nerves
Motor cranial nerves
Mixed cranial nerves
Olfactory nerves (I)
Olfaction
Optic Nerves (II)
Vision
Oculomotor Nerves (III)
Trochlear nerves (IV)
Trigeminal nerves (V)
Opthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve
Maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve
Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve
Abducens Nerves (VI)
Facial nerves (VII)
Vestibulocochlear nerves (VIII)
Glossopharyngeal nerves (IX)
Vagus nerves (X)
Accessory nerves (XI)
Hypoglossal nerves (XII)
NERVOUS SYSTEM: SPECIAL SENSES
Special sensory organs
Special sensory organs
Olfaction
Olfactory pathway
Tongue
Taste buds
Papillae
Taste pathway
Eyes in context
Eye
Eye layers
Lacrimal apparatus
Eye interior
Retina
Rods and cones
Vision
Types of vision
Vision pathway
Optic chiasm
Ear
Outer ear
Middle ear
Inner ear
Cochlea cross section
Organ of Corti
Hearing
Auditory pathway
Equilibrium
Equilibrium pathway
SKELETON: BONE TISSUE AND JOINTS
Skeletal system overview
Axial and appendicular skeleton
Bone cells
Bone types
Flat bones
Long bones
Short bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid bones
Interior of a long bone
Parts of a long bone
Compact and spongy bone tissue
Osteon
Flat bone formation
Flat bones in the skull
Fontanelles
Long bone formation and growth
Long bones in the limbs
Joints
Joints in the skull
Synarthroses (no movement): Skull sutures
Synarthroses (no movement): Gomphoses
Synarthroses (no movement): Synchrondoses
Syndesmoses (slight movement)
Symphyses (slight movement)
Synovial joints (full movement)
Structure of synovial joints
Gliding (plane) joints movement
Gliding joints in the skeleton
Hinge joints movement
Hinge joints in the skeleton
Pivot joints movement
Pivot joints in the skeleton
Condyloid joints movement
Condyloid joints in the skeleton
Saddle joints movement
Saddle joints in the skeleton
Ball-and-socket joints movement
Ball-and-socket joints in the skeleton
Ligaments and synovial joints
Healthy and osteoporotic bone
Osteoporosis
Types of fractures
Bone repair
Joints and aging
SKELETON: HUMAN SKELETON
Appendicular skeleton
Pectoral (shoulder) girdle
Muscular stabilization
Upper limb
Arm and forearm
Carpus (wrist) I
Carpus (wrist) II
Carpal tunnel
Hand
Pelvic (hip) girdle
Male and female pelvis
Lower limb
Thigh and leg
Tarsus
Foot arches
Foot
Axial skeleton
Skull
Cranial bones
Skull sutures
Fontanelles
Facial skeleton I
Facial skeleton II
Auditory ossicles
Foramina of skull
Bones of the orbit
Nasal septum
Hyoid
Vertebral column
Vertebra
Ligaments of the spine
Intervertebral joints
Cervical spine
Thoracic spine
Lumbar spine
Sacral spine
Thoracic cage
Sternum
Ribs
REPRODUCTION
Reproductive system overview
Gametes to zygote
Sexual reproduction
Path of zygote
Hormones and fetal development
Fetal reproductive development
Fetal development
Birth
Stages of birth
Reproductive lifespan
Male reproductive anatomy
Male reproductive organs in context
Testes and spermatic cords
Seminiferous tubules
Spermatogenesis
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Urethra
Accessory glands
Semen production
Penis internal anatomy
Blood supply to male genetalia
Male sexual response
Male sex hormones
Female reproductive anatomy
Female reproductive organs in context
Pelvic ligaments
Ovaries
Ovary internal anatomy
Oogenesis
Relationship of ovaries to uterus
Blood supply to uterus and ovaries
Vagina
External genetalia
Female reproductive cycle
Ovulation
Female sex hormones
Mammary glands
Lactation
Lactation hormones
RESPIRATORY
Respiratory system overview
Functions of respiratory structures
Pulmonary ventilation
External respiration
Internal respiration
Pulmonary ventilation and Boyle's Law
Pulmonary ventilation structures
External respiration
External respiration structures
Internal respiration
Internal respiration structures
Breathing rate and regulation
Respiratory regulation
Upper respiratory structures
Nasal cavity
Nasal septum
Bones of the nasal cavity
Nasal cartilages
Upper respiratory tract
Nasal mucosa
Pharynx
Larynx, posterior
Larynx, anterior
Vocal folds and musculature
Lower respiratory structures
Location of the trachea
Cartilaginous rings
The trachea and bronchi
Lungs in anatomical context
The trachea and bronchi
Lungs in anatomical context
Right lung, gross anatomy
Left lung, gross anatomy
Lung hilium
Bronchial tree
Alveoli
Respiratory membrane
Muscles of inhalation
Muscles of exhalation
Filtration of air
Respiratory defenses
Sneezing
Olfaction
Olfaction structures
Function of the epiglottis
Phonation
Blood supply to the lungs
Pulmonary circulation
Dalton's law
URINARY SYSTEM
Urinary system overview
Male urinary anatomy
Female urinary anatomy
Urinary functions
Position of the kidneys
Kidney anatomy
Blood supply to the kidneys
Blood flow through the nephron
Nephron structure
Filtration process
Filtration
Filtration membrane
Reabsorption and secretion
Reabsorption and secretion process
Urine composition
Function of ADH
Pathway of urine
Ureters
Bladder in female
Bladder in male
Bladder anatomy
Micturition reflex
Nervous control of micturition
Urethral sphincters
Female urethra
Male urethra